PoC for metadata-based invalidation

[tdyas]

This PR is a proof of concept for invalidating adhoc_tool and shell_command targets based on the metadata (and not just the content) of the files in the repository.

The PR adds:

• A new intrinsic (and rule graph support) for getting "full" metadata of a filesystem entry.
• Use of that support for adhoc_tool and shell_command target types via a new invalidation_globs field.

Naming and API design subject to change.

[tdyas]

@stuhood: I rebased this PR on top of main with your change to intrinsics to make them (appear as?) functions. I'm getting rule graph errors now: https://github.com/pantsbuild/pants/actions/runs/9332193530/job/25687760655?pr=20914#step:9:344

What do I need to do to properly add an intrinsic post the intrinsics as functions change?

EDITED: Solved it. The issue was getting the return type on the intinsic's type stubs wrong.

[tdyas]

The intrinsic has been reworked and split out to #20996. This PR remains a proof of concept so I can still explore the best DX for metadata-based invalidation.

[huonw]

We've just branched for 2.22, so merging this pull request now will come out in 2.23, please move the release notes updates to docs/notes/2.23.x.md, if appropriate. Thank you!