Add opt3001 component

[ccutrer]

What does this implement/fix?

Allows reading illuminance readings over an I2C bus from OPT3001 sensors.

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Related issue or feature (if applicable): fixes esphome/feature-requests#999

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#3795

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040
• BK72xx
• RTL87xx

Example entry for config.yaml:

external_components:
  - source: github://pr#6625
    components: [opt3001]
    refresh: always

sensor:
  - platform: opt3001
    name: "OPT3001 Illuminance"

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 53.45%. Comparing base (4d8b5ed) to head (4fc6a8b).
Report is 470 commits behind head on dev.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##              dev    #6625      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   53.70%   53.45%   -0.26%     
==========================================
  Files          50       50              
  Lines        9408     9543     +135     
  Branches     1654     1685      +31     
==========================================
+ Hits         5053     5101      +48     
- Misses       4056     4131      +75     
- Partials      299      311      +12     

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[ccutrer]

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