Check for missed pulse_meter ISRs in the main loop

[TrentHouliston]

What does this implement/fix?

This PR is dependent on #6014

As described in esphome/issues#4807 (comment) esp32s can have problems with rising and falling edge interrupts.

These missed interrupts explain a lot of issues that people have had in that thread as missed interrupt edges can make the results unreliable.

This PR updates the code so that the main loop will check if the state of the last edge is correct and if not it will manually run the ISR to keep everything in sync.

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Related issue or feature (if applicable): Addreses some of the problems mentioned in esphome/issues#4807

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040
• BK72xx
• RTL87xx

Example entry for config.yaml:

  - platform: pulse_meter
    pin: GPIO05
    unit_of_measurement: "W"
    state_class: measurement
    name: "Target Power"
    accuracy_decimals: 1
    timeout: 30s
    filters:
      - multiply: 0.03448473917

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 54.13%. Comparing base (4d8b5ed) to head (2fa3f97).
Report is 626 commits behind head on dev.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##              dev    #6126      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   53.70%   54.13%   +0.42%     
==========================================
  Files          50       50              
  Lines        9408     9619     +211     
  Branches     1654     1698      +44     
==========================================
+ Hits         5053     5207     +154     
- Misses       4056     4086      +30     
- Partials      299      326      +27     

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[probot-esphome]

Hey there @cstaahl, @stevebaxter, mind taking a look at this pull request as it has been labeled with an integration (pulse_meter) you are listed as a code owner for? Thanks!
_{^{(message by CodeOwnersMention)}}