[v23.3.x] CORE-2752 - Fix Kafka quota throttling delay enforcement

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #18218 to branch v23.3.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.3.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-18218-v23.3.x-467
git cherry-pick -x cea3a2947363f3fdad1f511ca0e92f7101d6b0b6 aec585d62263e8528acf38cfd9b789ae63bb3ad6 286aaa7bae996bdc4aeab7df35a60f519ed2f27f fd18208466fc4ff3b68fe493cb20cf3b48bf1ef5 b540b748305ee050ac065043e36e580f73ca3a0c

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-18218-v23.3.x-467
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.3.x] CORE-2752 - Fix Kafka quota throttling delay enforcement" \
  --base "v23.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-18218-v23.3.x-467" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/18218 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-3019](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-3019)